Contraception, or birth control, encompasses various methods, devices, and medications to prevent pregnancy. For individuals and couples, understanding the available options is a fundamental part of family planning and general reproductive health. There are many contraceptive options, but understanding each type can help you make informed decisions about your health. Here’s information on the types of birth control available and how they work: 

Intrauterine Devices

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a form of long-acting reversible contraception for women and people assigned female at birth. These small, T-shaped devices are inserted into the uterus and can prevent pregnancy for several years, depending on the type. IUDs have small, flexible frames, and they are a highly effective method of birth control. A benefit of these devices is that they can be removed at any time. There are two primary categories of IUDs available: hormonal and copper.

How Do Hormonal IUDs Work?

Hormonal IUDs release a small amount of a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel, and this hormone works to prevent pregnancy. Levonorgestrel thickens the mucus in the cervix, which makes it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. It also thins the uterine lining and can sometimes prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs, providing a multi-faceted approach to contraception.

How Do Copper IUDs Work?

A copper IUD is a hormone-free option wrapped in copper, as hormonal birth control doesn’t work for everyone. The copper component produces an inflammatory reaction within the uterus that is toxic to both sperm and eggs. This inflammatory environment effectively prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Unlike hormonal IUDs, the copper IUD does not stop ovulation; its contraceptive effect is localized to the uterus.

Hormonal Birth Control Methods

Hormonal methods of contraception use synthetic hormones, similar to those naturally produced by the body, to prevent pregnancy. These methods are available in several forms, offering flexibility to suit different health and lifestyle needs. Birth control pills are oral contraceptives taken daily that typically contain estrogen and progestin, and they work by stopping ovulation. Some other common hormonal contraceptives include: 

  • The NuvaRing: This is a small, flexible ring that a person inserts into their vagina. It releases hormones for three weeks, and then it is removed for one week.
  • The Nexplanon Implant: A small, thin rod about the size of a matchstick, the implant is inserted under the skin of the upper arm. It releases a progestin hormone and can be effective for up to three years.
  • The Depo-Provera Shot: This is an injection of the hormone progestin administered by a healthcare provider every three months. It prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.

Barrier and Other Methods

Barrier methods physically block sperm from reaching an egg, so these options are used during sexual intercourse to be effective. Common barrier methods include male and female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges. Condoms are unique among these methods because they also reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). That is why they are often recommended for protection even when using other contraceptive methods. Diaphragms and cervical caps are inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix, and they are often used with spermicide to increase their effectiveness.

Learn More About Contraception

There are many contraceptive options available, and each has its own mechanism of action, usage requirements, and effectiveness profile. To learn more about your birth control options, contact an OB-GYN to schedule a consultation. A medical professional can provide detailed information about your health and answer your questions.